Exploring the Connection Between Chronic Pain and Dementia

By Cynthia Toussaint

Difficulty in finding words – also known as “brain fog” -- started for me 30 years ago after I began taking the medication gabapentin for Complex Regional Pain Syndrome. While it initially proved to be effective for me, pulling me out of a ten-year bout of bedridden hell, brain fog was an embarrassing side effect, as I was speaking publicly for HMO reform.

As a spokesperson, having the right word at the right time can make all the difference in “selling” something I’m passionate about. I prayed this troubling symptom would pass as my brain acclimated to gabapentin. It did not.

With time, not only did my brain fog worsen, I started losing thoughts and ideas mid-sentence. Though I could attribute the word loss symptom to gabapentin, my new challenge was something more, something scarier.

Research taught me that long-term persistent pain leads to neural overload and atrophy, literally shrinking parts of the brain responsible for language and memory. Concurrently, I learned that both gabapentin and the clonazepam that I’d been taking for pain and dissociation for four decades worsen dementia symptoms. That was shocking. 

Then in 2014, my mother, a woman grounded in pure love and goodness, but who’d not been herself for a decade, was finally diagnosed with Alzheimer’s disease.

Though Mom wasn’t on any pain meds, she’d suffered since her mid-20s with throbbing varicose veins made worse by failed surgeries.

She also struggled for most of her life with significant low back pain, often eschewing beds for the hard floor. Later, Mom had hip pain severe enough to provoke screams throughout the day. 

I believe my mother’s chronic pain very likely contributed to her dementia development. She’d been dealt a number of other cards that certainly aided the deterioration of her brain.

By the mid-2010s, there were multiple studies linking trauma to dementia. My mom suffered a tsunami of that from her family of origin, her husband, and some of her own children.

lEONA AND CYNTHIA

That trauma produced high levels of toxic stress that led to elevated inflammation, two factors now recognized as drivers of dementia. And she was a woman at an advanced age. Indeed, Mom was a poster child for dementia.

I fear that I may be, too. 

Though for me developing dementia often feels inevitable, being at high risk is not a fait accompli. Regardless of my future’s uncertainty, this I know: I’m not going to just wait for the lights to dim. And I’ll be damned if I suffer the way my beautiful mom did.

For Pain Awareness Month in September, For Grace launched its most personal project in our nearly 25-year history. Named for my beloved mom, “Leona’s Legacy” is a safe, online nurturing space where one can learn about the connection between chronic pain and dementia and how to avoid or, at least, slow down the onset of the disease.

For me, cognitive wellness comes in the form of a plant-based diet, abundant exercise, sleep hygiene, daily meditation, meaningful work, ample reading, and creative therapies like piano, singing and writing.   

But it’s the last pillar of this project that is most meaningful to me, and the closest to my heart. We at For Grace are working on state legislation that, if signed into law, will mitigate financial elder abuse in California.

You see, it wasn’t watching Mom waste away from this wretched disease that was the worst for me. It was what I witnessed during her last ten years, when she lost her capacity for decision-making and was utterly vulnerable to bad players. That’s when she was abused in every way possible by those she loved and thought she could trust.

I know my family’s horror show is far from unique. Elder abuse, in all its forms, is going to become a bigger problem as Boomers age.

Putting a face to the issue, Leona’s Legacy includes touching personal stories from people with pain who have heartbreaking, powerful connections to dementia. Taking a cue from their truth-telling, you’ll also learn about my forthcoming memoir, where I lay bare my family’s multi-generational dysfunction and how I finally broke the trauma cycle for my own survival.

While motivated in part by harm and hurt, the core engine of Leona’s Legacy is the epic love Mom and I shared, unflinching and unbreakable.

I can’t go back and change the abuse she endured, abuse that extended to me, as the family scapegoat, and hastened her death.

But I can still help others in her name.

It is Mom’s enduring love that continues to push me forward, love that will never be forgotten.

Cynthia Toussaint is the founder and spokesperson at For Grace, a non-profit dedicated to bettering the lives of women in pain.

She has lived with Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS) and 19 co-morbidities for 45 years, and is also a cancer survivor. Cynthia is the author of “Battle for Grace: A Memoir of Pain, Redemption and Impossible Love.”

My Cats Help Me Cope with Chronic Pain

By Crystal Lindell

It is ironic that I was initially opposed to getting a cat because I have chronic pain.

I hate getting up early. I hate having to do anything right when I wake up. And I have no money.  

Cats wake you up at 5 am, expect to be fed immediately, and keeping them alive is expensive.

But when the mother of my fiancé Chris moved into senior housing, she was only allowed to take one of her two cats with her.

Thus, her long-haired tortoiseshell cat – affectionately named Princess Diana – had nowhere to go but to our house.

Although I was initially reluctant, Princess D quickly won me over when, on her first visit, she ran over to me while I was sitting in a rocking chair. She stared up at me with the eyes of a cat looking for love, and jumped up into my lap.  

I was hooked.

We became a one cat household.

Eventually, Princess D’s former sister Basil was also looking for a home, after Chris’ mom was no longer able to care for her either.

CRYSTAL WITH PRINCESS DIANA

Basil, a beautiful long-haired black cat, came with a pre-written warning for the vet, and lots of war stories. She was a scratcher. And a biter. If we hadn’t taken her, they were going to put her down.

Over the years, in the comfort and predictability of our home, Basil has softened. But just last week, she bit my arm because she got confused in the middle of the night.

We love her regardless.

After Basil came to live with us, we found our orange boy Goose and our brown tabby Goldie Hawn, outside. 

And when we moved in with my relatives, two gray-haired cats, Gracie and Cinnamon, joined our crew.

Yes, that brings the total to six cats. Yes, I know that puts me into crazy cat lady territory. But the thing about being a crazy cat lady is that I love them all too much to care what you think.

Just as I feared, they do all wake us up at 5 am, asking for food. And it does indeed feel like I’m pulling myself out of cement to get out of bed, just so that I can open a can of Friskies for them at dawn.

Truth be told though, having a reason – actually six reasons – to get out of bed every morning goes a long way when you’re dealing with pain that never ends. They give me purpose, and in return, I give them treats.

Having six cats also means that at least one of them is always willing to nap with me whenever I’m having a bad pain day. And naps covered in cats are healing. 

I confess, we do spend a lot of our money on our cats, especially after Princess Diana developed diabetes and almost died. We buy $140 vials of insulin every other month to keep her alive.

But she keeps me alive by giving me a reason to live, so really it all evens out.

In the end, our six cats give my life meaning, relieve stress, take my mind off my pain, and fill our home with love. All of those things go a very long way toward helping me cope with chronic pain.

In fact, there’s even data to back this up.  

In 2019, a National Poll on Healthy Aging conducted by AARP and the University of Michigan found that pets can offer their owners a wide range of health benefits.

The people surveyed said their pets helped them enjoy life (88%), made them feel loved (86%), helped reduce stress (79%), kept them physically active (64%) and helped them cope with physical and emotional symptoms (60%), such as taking their mind off pain (34%).

For those who said their health was fair or poor, pet ownership offers the most benefits. More than 70% of older adults said their pet helps them cope with life’s challenges, and nearly half (46%) said their pets help distract them from pain.

I used to think that having chronic pain was why I could never care for a pet. But I’ve come to understand that caring for a pet is one of those things that gives more than it takes. It’s because of my chronic pain, that having a pet – or six of them – is so vital to my well-being.

Less Is More: It Doesn’t Take Much Exercise to Reduce Pain

By Pat Anson

It won’t cure you or make your pain go away, but moderate levels of exercise could give you some relief from acute and chronic pain, according to a new study by Australian researchers.

In a systematic review of 157 clinical trials, a research team at Adelaide University found that less than two hours of exercise a week could reduce pain by about 1.1 points on the zero-to-ten pain scale. In fact, exercise of low intensity and short duration appears to be more beneficial than longer, intense workouts.

“Our study found that exercise was associated with substantial reductions in acute and chronic pain across all forms of exercise – whether that be via aerobic or resistance exercise, or through gentler movement such as yoga, Pilates or tai chi,” lead author Ben Singh, PhD, a Research Fellow at Adelaide’s School of Allied Health and Human Performance, said in a press release.

“Importantly, we found that more exercise wasn’t necessarily better. In fact, shorter-duration and lower-intensity programs showed greater reductions in pain, suggesting people may not need to exercise harder or for longer to experience meaningful benefits.”

The study findings, published in the journal PAIN Reports, show the most significant reductions were for pain caused by these conditions:

• Axial spondylarthritis

• Cancer

• Musculoskeletal conditions

• Fibromyalgia

• Hip replacement

• Low back pain

• Migraine and headache

• Neck pain 

• Osteoarthritis

• Idiopathic pain in older adults

• Osteoporosis

• Menopause

• Pregnancy-related pain

• Primary dysmenorrhea

• Rheumatoid arthritis 

Low intensity workouts from tai chi, yoga and Pilates were beneficial, but the form of exercise that produced the largest reduction in pain was a bit of a surprise: Dancing.

That finding, however, is based on a single study of dancing by fibromyalgia patients and should be taken with caution. “Although dance-based interventions may offer promise for this population,” researchers say further studies are needed to prove the effect.

There are four key reasons why exercise has an analgesic effect.

First, exercise stimulates the release of endogenous hormones (endorphins), which act as natural painkillers and increase pain tolerance.

Second, exercise enhances the production of neurotransmitters such as serotonin and norepinephrine, which play crucial roles in mood and pain modulation.

Third, exercise reduces systemic inflammation, a common driver of chronic pain, by modulating immune system function.

Finally, exercise activates the body’s endocannabinoid system, which helps to modulate pain perception, mood, and inflammation.

“When we exercise, our body releases chemicals including endorphins and serotonin that can help reduce how strongly we feel pain and increase our pain tolerance,” Singh explained. “Additionally, it helps calm inflammation and change the way our brain responds to pain, while also improving mood.

“These effects help explain why exercise can be such a powerful tool for pain management. Yet despite the evidence, it isn’t used as routinely as it could be and is rarely prescribed with the same precision as medication.”

The idea that exercising less than 2 hours a week is more effective runs counter to many current exercise guidelines, which recommend 150 minutes or more per week. That amount can feel unattainable for many people with chronic pain. Shorter, less intense physical activity is more realistic and may help people overcome their resistance to exercise. 

“These findings support starting with manageable, lower-dose (exercise) programs to build confidence, promote adherence, and reduce fear of symptom flare-ups, key barriers for people with chronic pain,” researchers concluded. 

“Exercise should not be considered a universal solution or expected to eliminate pain entirely. Its efficacy will depend on individual factors such as the underlying pain condition, level of physical function, and adherence.” 

Unexplained Chronic Pain Had Me Hoping for Cancer Diagnosis

By Crystal Lindell

Having chronic pain that can’t be diagnosed or explained will take you to some pretty messed up places mentally.

I had my first mammogram this week, and I have to confess something: Part of me was secretly hoping it came back positive for cancer.

It didn’t. I’m fine. Everything was normal.

But the chronic pain I have in my ribs is just a few centimeters under my right breast, so deep down, I was kind of, sort of, hoping that maybe the cause of the pain that’s plagued me for 13 years was actually a slow moving breast cancer the whole time.

I know it doesn’t make a lot of sense. But my pain also doesn’t make a lot of sense.

At least breast cancer would be treatable.

The official medical diagnosis for the pain in my ribs is “intercostal neuralgia,” which is literally just medical jargon that translates to “rib pain.”

Yes, the pain in my ribs is “rib pain.”

There is no cure for intercostal neuralgia. I’ve tried every possible treatment. So now I just manage it with a cocktail of substances ranging from morphine to Advil.

There’s also no official cause, at least not in my case.

The best theory my doctors have come up with is that it’s a delayed reaction to me having my gall bladder taken out in 2008. The only issue there is that I had my gall bladder taken out five years before the pain suddenly started in 2013.

Taking things one step further, the doctors believe I am more susceptible to intercostal neuralgia because I have hypermobile Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome (EDS). I got that diagnosis in 2018. And so far, that’s as close as I’ve come to anything tangible.

Yes, it was nice to finally have something more specific than “rib pain” to point to. At least there was some sort of underlying cause. 

Finally, my chronic, hard-to-manage, some-days-totally-debilitating pain was kind of, a little bit explained. EDS created the perfect environment for nerve damage to appear five years after my gall bladder surgery.

Fine. Yes. It’s probably that. They think.

None of the doctors will ever say that they know it’s that. It’s all just a theory. There’s no scan that shows intercostal neuralgia, no blood work panel. It’s just their best guess.

The thing is, the pain is so specifically located that I can point to exactly where it is. The best way I know to describe it is that it kind of feels like there’s a jagged marble lodged under my right breast. Sometimes, the marble moves around and ejects a knife further into my ribs, which causes the pain to radiate throughout my entire right torso.

It’s the kind of pain that really feels like it should be caused by something specific, something provable. Something that can be fixed, or at least treated. Something like cancer.

I know how messed up it is to hope for cancer. And I know that if I ever actually do get cancer, I will fully regret these thoughts.

To be honest, I thought my days of hoping the cancer test comes back positive were long gone. After I got the EDS diagnosis, I hoped I could finally just accept my chronic pain fate.

But when I opened my mammogram results on MyChart yesterday, a tinge of disappointment washed over me as I saw that everything was “normal.” 

I realized just how much I still longed for a more tangible diagnosis, and how much I still desperately wished my pain came with some sort of cure.

There is one major upside to all this though: At least I don’t have cancer.

Mourning the Loss of a Healthy Body

By  Li-elle Rapaport 

Body changes can raise disturbing feelings, such as looking in a mirror and seeing a reflection that may feel spiritually empty, unproductive, ugly or weak.

Unpleasant sensations such as pain, pins and needles, soreness coursing through limbs and an inexplicable fog filling the head are a reminder that this body is not the same you anymore, prompting us to wish there was a way to get back there. It may feel impossible to live well unless you do.

This is the disillusionment that most of the population will face at some point in life, through aging, chronic pain or invisible illness (a disease or health problem that cannot be externally seen, including autoimmune diseases, chronic pain and fatigue, and recently, long COVID).

Recent global estimates suggest one in five people are currently experiencing chronic pain. The most prevalent chronic pain reported by adults ages 75 and over includes low back pain and migraine, while tension-type headaches are more often experienced by younger adults. Chronic illness (diabetes, heart disease and other mid-to-late-life diagnoses) affects about three-quarters of the world population.

Despite how common chronic illness is worldwide, the nuances of navigating a changing body are not often discussed. It’s time for an honest, evidence-based conversation about what it means to navigate chronic pain and illness, aging and transforming identity post-diagnosis, and how to grieve this loss and maintain meaning through these changes.

Why It Matters

Research suggest that those with internalized stigma of chronic illness are more preoccupied with how their illness detracts from their view of themselves, and also have a greater tendency to overlook positive aspects of life with a chronic illness.

Psychologists have observed how preoccupation with illness or pain is often accompanied by other grief behaviours. A 2025 study explored how Danish chronic illness patients navigated loss and growth. The study found that many with chronic illness find themselves mourning the life that they thought they would have, often leading to loss of motivation and joy in everyday life.

The perception of losing the life they had once envisioned is often accompanied by a focus on getting back to the “before illness” version of themselves as people struggle to accept how their body has changed, perhaps in how it looks but definitely in how it feels.

These changes and associated feelings of loss often permeate a person’s sense of identity, as well as their perceived roles within social relationships. Many report a fear of burdening others, especially loved ones, often describing feelings of guilt that “others have it worse than I do.” This is where internalized stigma festers.

Some people have also described feelings of anger, isolation, shame and exhaustion accompanying sadness. Meanwhile, others have expressed frustration over a gradual loss rather than a “clean break,” accompanied by the inability to find closure.

Making Sense of Grief

First, it’s important to understand why accepting this continuous loss feels so impossible. Theories of control in psychology state that humans desire control or the ability to achieve a desired outcome according to our own standards.

When that ability is seen as stripped away, people are more likely to experience negative mental health symptoms, like anxiety, depression and even grief. Specifically, feelings of diminished perceived control (subjective belief about our ability to achieve desired outcomes) occur when we face continuous roadblocks to living our desired life because of chronic illness.

One of the major consequences of loss and major life change is that it can disrupt meaning and challenge identity, purpose and assumptions about the future. At a time when people feel there is little they can control, psychologist Robert Neimeyer’s Meaning Reconstruction Theory poses the questions: “How do I move forward?” and “What matters most?”

While the original theory was proposed as an approach to coping with the loss of a loved one, the process is somewhat similar to grieving the close ally that is your body. This theory approaches grief by making sense of the loss and finding ways to rebuild a sense of purpose in a changed life (and body).

To answer relevant questions about how to move forward with chronic illness, two ongoing approaches are needed: integrating the loss and recentring purpose and meaning.

Integrating the loss may look like processing significant bodily losses in therapy, finding trusted loved ones to talk about the loss with and focusing on being realistic about your current body without judgment.

Second, recentring purpose during this major life change involves understanding your why: why is this loss so significant to you, why does it hurt? Maybe it’s because you love hiking in the mountains and a new diagnosis with arthritis feels like the end of this joy. Part of rebuilding meaning is finding new approaches to fulfilling this purpose — perhaps hiking may look different, but nature can be accessed and loved with chronic illness present.

Rebuilding meaning might also look like making meaning from this loss: What has this change taught you about yourself, about the impact you can make? Approaching present and future with this perspective helps process grief in a more protective way.

Living with chronic pain, illness and the changes that come with aging often involves grieving physical loss, but also shifts in purpose, relationships, identity and future plans. While these changes challenge our perceived control and purpose, the Meaning Reconstruction Theory suggests that acceptance and growth comes with integrating loss and rebuilding purpose alongside these changes.

Although the present is different than anticipated, fulfilment is still possible with your current body.

Li-elle Rapaport is a therapist and doctoral candidate in the Department of Psychology, University of Manitoba

This article originally appeared in The Conversation and is republished with permission. 

I May Not Look Like I’m in Pain – But I Am

By Crystal Lindell

When my mom had a sudden perforated ulcer in her stomach in 2022, she fell to the ground at work and was taken to the hospital via ambulance. While waiting in the ER, she alternated between the floor and the bed in eerie silence.

She didn’t scream, she didn’t cry. She just stayed quiet while waiting for help. 

My mom had been dealing with a very bad hip for years, so extreme pain wasn’t new to her, and she had long ago trained her mind and body to stay calm when she was in pain.  

However, because she wasn’t screaming at the top of her lungs, all the nurses assumed she was fine.

It took the staff 9 hours to finally order a cat scan, which showed the hole in her stomach. They immediately rushed her into emergency surgery, which barely saved her life.

Perhaps I inherited some of that ability to be quiet anytime my pain flares up. But I think it’s more likely that I learned what anyone who’s dealt with pain for long periods of time knows: The worst thing you can do is scream.

That does not align with the common media portrayal of pain though. In movies and TV shows, extreme pain involves obscene levels of screaming, buckets of tears, and facial expressions that actually match the number 10 emoji on the pain scale.

The patient we see in the media always has the vibe of a screeching red fire alarm.

In real life though, that’s not what extreme pain always looks like – at least not for chronic pain patients.

In real life, deep, unrelenting pain often arrives with a scary level of calmness, an odd silence, and maybe – on the especially bad days –  a few quiet tears streaming down the face.

Unfortunately, this disconnect between how pain is portrayed vs. what it actually looks like can lead to some very upsetting consequences. If you’re not screaming at the top of your lungs when you’re in pain, then everyone assumes you must be faking it.

By everyone, I don’t just mean friends and family – I also mean important people like bosses, clients, and even doctors.  

There are two main reasons why living with chronic pain usually changes how you react to level 11 pain flares.

One, you realize pretty quickly that staying calm is the best way to keep the pain from escalating even higher. 

And two, our vocal chords just aren’t designed to scream at full volume for very long.

Even though I have some days where the pain drops down to as low as a 2 or a 3, I spend most days trying to keep level 7-9 pain from ruining my life. 

I take multiple substances to try to accomplish that, but still spend lots of time coping with pain levels that healthy people would probably go to the ER for.

The reality is that it just isn’t physically possible for me to scream at the top of my lungs until the pain subsides. It would be like having the fire alarm go off every single day.  

Eventually, you realize that the only thing the alarm was doing was making things worse. 

All this means that most of the time, you aren’t able to tell if someone is in pain just by looking at them. In fact, it’s the people in the most pain who are often the best at hiding it.

As such, the best way to handle the situation as an outsider is this: If someone tells you they are in pain, believe them. 

It really is that simple. 

Researchers To Use AI to Study Chronic Pain in Rural Older Adults

By Crystal Lindell

Virginia Tech researchers will receive nearly half a million dollars from the federal government to use artificial intelligence (AI) to study chronic pain in older adults living in rural areas.

The study is being led by Huaiyang Zhong, PhD, an Assistant Professor in the Grado Department of Industrial and Systems Engineering at Virginia Tech. He was awarded a $460,260 grant from the National Institute on Aging.

People in rural areas have significantly higher rates of chronic pain than those who live in big cities. They’re also at a big disadvantage when it comes to getting their pain treated, due to the distances many have to travel to see a doctor. 

Zhong and his team hope AI can help improve pain assessments and clinical decision making by doctors, with the goal of reducing pain and pain-related complications in older patients.

“I became interested in chronic pain because it's incredibly common, but also incredibly complicated,” Zhong said in a press release. “Pain is not just a single diagnosis, and it's not a number on a scale like a lot of medical diagnoses. Pain itself can affect mobility, mental health, sleep, cognitive functions, and overall quality of life. It's a multidimensional thing.”

Zhong hopes to learn how chronic pain evolves, which patients are more vulnerable to poor outcomes, and how healthcare systems can treat them more effectively. 

It all starts with the information that is sometimes buried in clinical notes. Researchers will use machine learning and natural language processing to analyze patient records and create “risk dashboards” to help doctors recognize when a patient is at risk of complications, such as depression or cognitive impairment.

“I ultimately want to help clinicians move toward more personalized pain management,” Zhong said. “This means understanding not just how much pain somebody has, but the broader health context surrounding that pain.”

Zhong is not a medical doctor, but has a PhD in Management Science and Engineering from Stanford University. He thinks his background in industrial and systems engineering (ISE) can help solve complex healthcare problems. 

“Machine learning can tell us which patients are at elevated risk, but as ISE researchers, we ask the next questions: What should we do with that information? How should limited healthcare resources be allocated? How does this information feed into clinical workflows? How does using this actually improve clinical outcomes?” Zhong said. 

Robert McNamara, PhD, a clinical psychologist and Associate Professor in Virginia Tech’s  School of Medicine, is a collaborator on the project. He looks forward to investigating the medical problems faced by rural older adults with chronic pain.

“We foresee this work leading to early, actionable insight for providers in rural areas, enabling appropriate intervention and referral, and ultimately improving quality of life for this vulnerable population,” said McNamara.

As a rural resident myself, who also suffers from chronic pain, I am always glad to see more resources going to research like this. It will be interesting to see if AI is actually able to offer new insights. 

Many of the older adults I know in northern Illinois who have chronic pain already know how to improve their healthcare and quality of life. First and foremost, they want access restored to opioid medication. 

There’s also a high need for making telehealth doctor appointments easier for older adults to access. In-home care is another high priority. It’s a chore to go to a doctor who might be a two-hour drive away. If there was a program where a traveling doctor could come to a rural community for a day, that would be a massive help.

Hopefully, AI offers real, practical insights into these types of problems, and all the other issues rural chronic pain patients suffer from.

How I’m Able to Work Again with Chronic Pain

By Crystal Lindell

How do I do it?

On my days off, I sleep for 15 hours, waking up only to eat and pet my cats.

I can’t get out of bed without Norco, morphine, Advil, 7-OH, and Tums.

And I have a super supportive partner who does all the house work, all the grocery shopping, and changes all the litter boxes.  

That’s the short answer for how I manage to work a full-time job outside of the home while living with debilitating chronic pain. It takes a lot of drugs, a lot of sleep, a lot of support, and a lot of luck.

I also eat the same meals nearly every day to make food prep and decision-making easier. And I make zero plans for days off.

I started working again in April – my first full-time job in over four years. 

Despite my years of experience as a professional journalist working in the corporate world, I took a job as a gas station cashier close to home. I was fed up with corporate culture and just wanted to see if I could even handle working full-time again in any capacity with my health issues.

I also needed health insurance and the gas station offered me that after just one month.

Now that it's been a little over three months, it felt like a good time to reflect on how it’s going.

To be honest with you, I absolutely love it!

I love going to work every day. I love interacting with the public and making friends with my co-workers. I love getting out of the house. And I have already been promoted to the first level of management, with hopes of continuing up the ladder.

But it has taken a major toll on my body. 

I wake up in so much pain that walking to the bathroom feels like I’m using muscles for the first time in years. And after my shifts, I only have enough energy to change out of my work clothes and get into bed. 

I really don’t know if I’ll be able to keep it up if 7-OH is officially made into a Schedule One controlled substance.

I really, really want to keep it up though. 

I want to keep working, being good at my job, and forming surprisingly deep connections with my fellow employees. I want to keep feeling productive and living like I have a purpose in this world – even if that purpose is just helping truckers get back on the road.

That’s because, despite all the stereotypes about people with chronic illnesses, I desperately want to work. 

In reality, it’s the people constantly trying to take away my access to opioids and 7-OH who want me to be unemployed and bed bound. 

They may soon get their wish if 7-OH is banned – a policy being pushed in the name of “protecting me.”

Protection I do not want and didn’t ask for.

If it happens, the anti-7-OH advocates and federal health officials won’t take any responsibility. They won’t even offer me health insurance. Instead, I suspect they will tell me to go out and get a job.

Hot Weather Raises Risk of Chronic Pain for Older Adults

By Feinuo Sun

When a heat wave arrives, the public health advice follows a familiar script: drink water, watch for heat stroke, check on people with heart or lung conditions. That list saves lives. But it leaves out something that shapes daily life for millions of older Americans – chronic pain.

In a new study, public health professor Kai Zhang and I followed over 35,000 adults over age 50 across two decades, matching each person and their reports of chronic pain to the temperature history of their neighborhood.

We wanted to know whether living with extreme heat or cold – not one bad week, but months or years – changes whether pain interferes with people’s lives.

The results suggest that chronic pain deserves a place in how the country prepares people for extreme weather. They also show that rural residents may be the least protected.

What High-Impact Pain Means

Researchers use the term high-impact chronic pain for pain lasting at least three months that limits what a person can do: work, socializing and self-care. It is not occasional aching. It is pain that affects your decisions.

For adults over 50, that matters enormously. Pain that makes it hard to stand, carry groceries or sleep through the night is a leading reason people lose the ability to live on their own.

Temperature affects the body in different ways that can lead to pain:

Cold appears to increase pain sensitivity and stiffen joints, which is why people with arthritis often brace for winter.

Heat affects the body through dehydration, broken sleep and the way it quietly shrinks the range of things a person is willing to do in a day. On hot days, for example, people may walk less, and less movement can lead to stiffer joints and weaker muscles, which makes the pain worse.

What makes heat waves dangerous is often not the afternoon temperature peak but the hot nights that don’t cool off, leaving the body with no opportunity to recover.

What We Found

We tracked when each neighborhood hit temperatures that were extreme for that place. 

A day topping 84 degrees Fahrenheit (28.9 Celsius) in Maine, for example, would be among the hottest 5% of days there over the past decade. In Houston, meanwhile, it would have to reach 96 F (35.4 C) to be in the top 5% for heat, considered extreme.

We compared every community against its own 10-year record rather than a single national cutoff to see how months or years of exposure to extreme cold or heat temperatures in those communities affected their residents.

Two things stood out:

Among the one-fifth of our sample who lived with many extreme-cold days, reports of high-impact pain went up. However, those facing occasional cold spells didn’t report the same effect. People seemed to adapt to one hard winter, but adapting became harder over years of extreme cold.

Extreme heat was split by geography and by wealth:

• For urban residents, sustained heat showed no link to developing new pain. For rural residents, the connection was stronger. One likely reason is that people in rural areas may spend more time working outside or have older homes that are harder to cool and less access to cool places.

• Among the poorest older adults, sustained heat was also associated with a higher chance of developing high-impact pain. Among the wealthiest, it was not, likely because of better access to air conditioning, healthcare and being able to stay out of the heat.

Those who could get out of the heat were least likely to report feeling new chronic pain.

Three Key Lessons

Nearly every tool U.S. communities use to lower heat risk is designed for a city environment: cooling centers, tree canopy programs, urban heat island maps.

Rural areas have different challenges. Rural homes are often older and harder to keep cool. Energy costs tend to take a larger share of income. On top of that, rural hospitals have been closing across the country, leaving residents driving farther to reach healthcare.

Agriculture has the oldest workforce in the country – the average producer with decision-making roles on a farm is now about 58 years old, and nearly 40% of the farmland is owned by farmers who are 65 or older. Retirement does not move people out of the heat in rural areas, either.

The findings hold three key lessons for helping older adults:

1. Chronic pain belongs on lists of heat-related health risks, in our view. State and county heat plans flag cardiac and respiratory patients, but not the people whose independence depends on managing pain. With warning, people can plan ahead and get help, knowing chronic pain may worsen.

2. Cooling assistance programs need to be tailored to rural needs – the weatherization, energy assistance and delivery through trusted local channels that those homes need – rather than offering scaled-down versions of urban programs.

3. In the clinic, a patient’s housing and local climate details belong in their documented pain history, next to diagnosis and medication, to help better direct treatment.

Rising global temperatures are increasing the risk that people will be exposed to extreme heat for weeks at a time. In one high-risk summer, 2024, Phoenix saw 39 days with temperatures that didn’t drop below 90 F (32.2 C), even at night.

So, if you have a parent or grandparent facing a heat wave, particularly in a rural area, consider asking not just whether they’re drinking enough water to stay healthy but also whether their back or knees have been worse than usual. The pain may be connected.

Feinuo Sun, PhD, is an Assistant Professor of Demographics, Sociology and Population Health at the University of Texas at Arlington.

This article originally appeared in The Conversation and is republished with permission.  

How Pain Became Profitable

By Neen Monty

Why have prescription opioids become virtually verboten?

Is it safety? Partly. Evidence? Allegedly. The evidence is pretty thin.

But let’s not overlook the less noble explanation: research dollars, commercial opportunity, institution building and careers.

There is now an enormous scientific and commercial industry devoted to solving “the opioid crisis.” And that industry depends, at least partly, on maintaining a particular story: Opioids are dangerously addictive, fundamentally unsuitable for chronic pain, and urgently need to be replaced.

The United States National Institutes of Health launched its HEAL Initiative in 2018, nearly doubling annual funding for opioid and pain research from approximately $600 million to $1.1 billion. 

By 2023, HEAL had invested $3.2 billion across more than 1,800 research projects. That is an awful lot of laboratories, salaries, grants, publications and careers attached to an “urgent public-health emergency.” 

This does not mean researchers are gathering in dark rooms, twirling their moustaches and plotting against pain patients.

They don’t need to. The incentives do the work perfectly well.

Declare an existing treatment unacceptable and you create an urgent scientific problem.

Urgent scientific problems attract grants, investment, patents, clinical trials, prestige and promotions. They also create a potentially enormous market for whichever company produces the replacement.

That is not a conspiracy theory. It is an incentive structure. It's capitalism.

The Awkward Truth Behind the Sales Pitch

A recent Science article asks: “Can a new, safer class of pain drugs ever rival opioids?”

It sounds like another story about escaping the horrors of opioid medicine. But the headline accidentally admits something important: Opioids are extremely difficult to rival. That is why scientists are still trying.

If opioids were useless painkillers, as some modern pain rhetoric would have us believe, there would be no need for new drugs to “rival” them. Researchers would merely need to produce something better than useless. Apparently, this has proved surprisingly difficult. 

In 2025, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved suzetrigine, marketed as Journavx, as the first drug in a new non-opioid class for moderate-to-severe acute pain. It blocks NaV1.8 sodium channels in peripheral nerves, interrupting pain signals before they reach the brain. 

Its manufacturer, Vertex, is investing heavily in its commercial launch and development across further pain indications. 

Good.

We desperately need more effective pain medications. We need different medicines for different pain mechanisms, different bodies and different medical circumstances. We need options for people who cannot tolerate opioids and better treatments for people whose pain does not respond to them.

Research and development is good. Obviously.

But developing new analgesics does not require pretending that existing ones do not work. Nor does it require sacrificing the patients who already use them successfully.

How Dangerous Is an Opioid Prescription, Really?

We are constantly told that prescribing an opioid exposes every patient to an intolerable risk of addiction and overdose.

The actual numbers are much less theatrical.

A 2023 systematic review and meta-analysis examined 28 observational studies involving almost 24 million patients prescribed opioids for chronic pain. It found a pooled prevalence of:

• 1.3 fatal overdoses per 1,000 patients

• 3.2 nonfatal overdoses per 1,000 patients

That is approximately 4.5 fatal or nonfatal overdose events per 1,000 patients prescribed opioids for chronic pain. Not zero. Not irrelevant. But a very long way from the impression that catastrophe inevitably follows the first prescription. 

More importantly, the risk was not distributed evenly.

Overdoses were strongly associated with identifiable risk factors, including a previous overdose, current substance-use disorder, multiple prescribers, multiple dispensing pharmacies, higher doses, certain mental-health diagnoses and particular medication combinations.

In other words, “a person prescribed an opioid” is not one uniform risk category.

That should be obvious. Apparently, it needed a meta-analysis involving 24 million people to elucidate.

A stable patient taking one medication, prescribed by one doctor and dispensed by one pharmacy is not medically interchangeable with a person obtaining drugs from multiple sources, combining them with sedatives or living with an active substance-use disorder.

Yet much public discussion places all of these people into one ominous bucket labelled “opioid users.”

Not very scientific. Can you say bias? Stigma? Stereotyping? Profiling?

For a well-selected and well-monitored patient on long term opioid therapy, the risk of overdose is very, very low. That’s what the evidence says.

Many pain management doctors are keen to advertise “evidence-based treatment for chronic pain” without ever reading the evidence.

A Swamp of Addiction Statistics 

The estimates of addiction following opioid treatment vary wildly.

That is not because addiction is a mysterious force capable of changing its prevalence depending on the phase of the moon. It is because researchers frequently measure different things and give them similar names. What constitutes “addiction” varies wildly. 

And overdose statistics often include non-fatal overdoses. Or even overdose deaths where an opioid was detected, but was not the main cause of death.

Some studies only measure diagnosed opioid-use disorder. Others measure abuse, misuse, physical dependence, administrative billing codes, unexpected urine results, requesting an early prescription, or a vaguely defined “aberrant behaviour.”

None of these are the same thing. They are thrown together to inflate the outcomes. To keep the panic alive.

One 2018 meta-analysis reported an incidence of opioid “dependence or abuse” in 4.7% among patients prescribed opioids for pain. But the included studies used different diagnostic systems and produced a “substantial heterogeneity” of 99.78%.

For non-statisticians, that is roughly the scientific equivalent of throwing apples, wombats and garden furniture into a blender and reporting the average fruit content. 

Physical dependence is an expected physiological adaptation to many medicines, including opioids. I don’t believe it’s avoidable. It means abrupt cessation may cause withdrawal. This is a normal response to suddenly stopping a medication. By choice or otherwise. It is not addiction.

Addiction - or opioid-use disorder - requires a pattern of use that involves impaired control, compulsive use or continued use despite evidence of harm.

A patient who takes a medicine consistently because it relieves severe pain and improves their ability to function is not demonstrating compulsive use despite harm. They are using a medicine for its intended purpose.

Needing insulin does not prove an unhealthy fixation on insulin.

Needing anti-hypertensive medication does not reveal a worrying psychological attachment to blood-pressure control.

Needing anti-depressants to live a functional life does not show a pattern of compulsive behaviour.

But needing ongoing pain relief? Suspicious. Apparently.

What Happened When Opioid Prescribing Fell?

If opioid prescribing were the principal driving force of the U.S. opioid epidemic, we should have seen precipitous reductions in prescribing to be followed by a substantial drop in opioid deaths.

But that is not what happened.

U.S. opioid prescribing has been declining since 2012. The percentage of adults filling an opioid prescription fell by 31% between 2008 and 2018, while the national dispensing rate continued falling to 35.4 prescriptions per 100 people by 2024.

Meanwhile, illegally manufactured fentanyl spread through the illicit drug supply.

The CDC reports that approximately 70% of U.S. overdose deaths in 2023 involved illegally manufactured fentanyl. It states that illicit fentanyl entered the illegal drug supply around 2013 and subsequently replaced heroin as the dominant illegal opioid in the United States.

Even the FDA acknowledges that prescription opioids are no longer driving the opioid overdose epidemic. 

That sentence deserves to be printed in very large letters.

The truth that remains unsaid – and will never be admitted – is that prescription opioids were never the driving force behind the opioid crisis. Never. It was always about illicit drug use.

But prescription opioids are a much easier target than Mexican cartels and curbing illicit supply. Easy target, big wins, media headlines.

Who cares about the tens of thousands of patients who suffered and even died because their life saving pain medications were taken away? Very few.

Prescribed pain medication and illicit fentanyl are not completely separate worlds. There is some crossover. But most prescription opioid abuse is due to diversion. Yes, some people with opioid-use disorder were initially exposed to opioids through a medical prescription. But the vast majority of those already had a history of substance abuse.

And that crossover is very, very small. As can be seen from the major, large scale, systemic review already cited.

Stable therapeutic use, physical dependence, medication misuse, opioid-use disorder and exposure to an unpredictable illicit fentanyl supply are very different situations. Treating them as one big problem has not only failed to solve the illicit drug crisis; it has inflicted another crisis on people living with severe pain.

The Patients Who Spoil the Story

There is one group largely missing from the replacement narrative: patients for whom opioids work.

They are not getting “high.” They are not escalating their dose uncontrollably. They are not visiting six doctors or four pharmacies. They are not searching for euphoria.

They are searching for enough pain relief to shower, sleep, work, prepare food, and care for their children. To keep living a full and functional life despite moderate to severe pain due to disease or injury.

Some patients find opioids effective, but not remotely pleasurable. Many experience nausea, itching, sedation or mental fog. Others experience pain relief with few side effects. 

Individual responses vary, as they do with every other class of medicine. For every person, it’s a case of weighing up the risks and benefits.

Opioids have unpleasant side effects, but there are few things as unpleasant as living with constant, severe, pain. I’d prefer some itching and a bit of nausea than a knife twisting in every joint, and my arms and legs feeling like they are on fire. 

What would you choose?

In people with chronic low-back pain, research has shown that those with previous prescription opioid use got greater pain relief from morphine. But they were not more likely to feel “high.” In other words, stronger pain relief did not mean stronger euphoria.

But acknowledging those patients creates a problem.

If opioids are effective and acceptably safe for a properly selected and monitored group, then the scientific mission should not be to “replace opioids.”

It is “develop more choices while identifying who benefits from each one.”

Still very worthy. Still very important. Still very deserving of funding.

But we’re no longer talking about a “crisis.” Not quite as dramatic, and not as likely to receive that sweet, sweet funding for non-opioid alternatives.

Develop Better Drugs. But Stop Destroying Patients

To be clear, I am in no way saying that opioids are harmless. Opioids can have serious side effects. Patients need to be well screened and well monitored.

Opioids can cause adverse effects, physical dependence, respiratory depression, overdose and opioid-use disorder. Higher doses and dangerous medication combinations require particular care. Patients should receive honest information, individual risk assessment and proper monitoring.

Doctors are highly skilled and the very low overdose rate in chronic pain patients shows that doctors managed this risk very well. Right up until 2016 in the U.S and about 2020 in Australia.

But saying something “has risks” is not synonymous with “must never be used.”

I take many high-risk medications to treat my complex autoimmune diseases – medications that are much higher risk than any opioid could ever be. Yet taking that risk is allowed. Encouraged. Even insisted upon. 

Why are opioids singled out and denied when Xeljanz or Rituximab are much more dangerous?

It makes no sense. Scientific sense, medical sense or common sense.

Of course better pain medications should be funded. Safer analgesics is a lofty goal that should be celebrated. New treatments that are as good as, or even better than opioids, without opioid-related risks would be a genuine medical achievement.

But we should not be taking opioids away from those who need them, who have been stable and doing well for years, before those new non-opioid pain medications are available. That means leaving people to suffer needlessly, on the promise that something better is being researched.

Pain patients should not be treated like expendable research targets. They should not be forced to surrender their pain relief and functional lives to fortify the commercial and scientific case for tomorrow’s medication.

Develop the alternatives. Fund the research. Build the careers. Make the money, even. All good.

But stop denying people who need access to long term opioid therapy for any kind of quality-of-life. Put the risk/benefit equation where it belongs, where it is with all other medications – in the hands of the informed patient.

And stop pretending that scientific progress requires opioids to fail, along with the patients who benefit from them.

Neen Monty is a patient advocate in Australia who lives with rheumatoid arthritis and Chronic Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyneuropathy (CIDP), a progressive neurological disease that attacks the nerves.

Neen is dedicated to challenging misinformation and promoting access to safe, effective pain relief. For more information on chronic pain, the science, the politics and the lived experience, go to Pain Patient Advocacy Australia. 

You can also subscribe to Neen’s free newsletter on Substack, “Arthritic Chick on Chronic Pain.”

When a Pain Flare Steals a Special Day

By Crystal Lindell

Sunday was a boringly normal day for me — as someone who deals with chronic pain on a daily basis. 

When I woke up, it felt like someone had replaced my ligaments with concrete and I was being stabbed in the ribs. I limped to the bathroom. And for breakfast, I had four different pain-relieving drugs and a bottle of water.

After that, I laid back down and slept for another three hours.

I got up just long enough to eat lunch, which of course included a side of more pills. I grabbed my pillow and laid down on the couch in the living room, where I slept for another 2 hours.

It was a pretty routine pre-thunderstorm pain flare for me. Thankfully, I was off work, so I was able to spend the day resting.

The only problem was, Sunday was also my fiancé’s birthday.

He loves me. And he also deals with chronic pain. So he was more than happy to hang out with me on the couch all day while we watched bad 90’s movies.

He was also cool with going to pick up the toilet paper we needed and the Chinese food we got for dinner to celebrate his special day.

But I felt like crap about all of it.

I hate that I spent his entire birthday dealing with a pain flare.

He always does the dishes, and I wanted to do them for him on Sunday to give him a break, but I couldn’t. He also feeds all of the cats first thing every morning, and I wanted to do that for him as well. But again, I couldn’t.

He loves going to play basketball at the court behind our house, but I couldn’t do that with him either.

It sucked. All of it.

Eventually, the thunderstorm came, the pain relieving drugs I was taking started working, and I was able to function a little bit – but by then it was 10 pm and my fiancé was ready for bed.

Part of the issue is that I’m also tapering down on 7-OH in anticipation of the upcoming ban. Before the ban was announced, I was able to take as much 7-OH as I needed on bad pain days.

But these days, I have to use it sparingly, if at all.  The goal is to get off of it before the DEA declares it an illegal Schedule One controlled substance. The only thing worse than losing access to 7-OH would be to also have to go off of it cold turkey.

But that means I’m losing days of my life again to pain. Sometimes, it’s just a random Tuesday that I lose, and it’s no big deal. 

But other times, it’s an “August 9th” that I lose – and then I miss out on a special day.

Most Chronic Pain Conditions Never Get Better

By Crystal Lindell

Most chronic pain conditions remain stable over time, with few patients getting worse and even fewer getting better. 

That’s according to a new study in JAMA Network Open that tracked over 1,477 patients with long-term non-cancer pain. The patients were being treated at specialized pain clinics in France.

The researchers used a cell phone app to track patients’ self-reported bodily comfort, sleep, and mood every week for six months. They excluded “pain intensity” from the list of things they tracked because it is "increasingly recognized as an incomplete proxy for the chronic pain experience.”

Most of the participants were middle-aged, overweight, professional women. About a fifth were on sick leave due to pain. 

Most had been dealing with pain for over five years, mainly from conditions like fibromyalgia and musculoskeletal pain. A large majority had a history of other medical conditions, including anxiety, depression and substance use disorders.

The primary medications that patients took were antidepressants, paracetamol (acetaminophen) and antiepileptic drugs; while the main nonpharmacological treatments were neuromodulation and physical therapy. 

The study authors were trying to find ways to predict which patients would improve and which ones may get worse. They hoped to use responses to basic questions at the start of the study, such as age, sex, pain severity and medical history, to help develop models that would predict how patients would fare.

Unexpectedly, most of the patients remained the same throughout the course of the study, with bodily comfort, sleep and mood remaining unchanged. Only 4.1% of patients improved, and just 10.2% got worse.

Researchers concluded that the most realistic outcome for the remaining 85% is to keep them stable. 

"These findings suggest that chronic pain… is better conceptualized as a stable digital state with rare transitions,” the researchers said. “In tertiary care, where patients are referred precisely because prior treatments have failed, preventing further deterioration over 6 months represents a meaningful therapeutic achievement.” 

Ideally, this type of research could be used to help doctors more realistically assess and treat chronic pain. For example, if their chronic pain is stable, patients shouldn’t have to see a pain specialist every four weeks to get their prescriptions renewed. And treatments should focus on keeping patients comfortable.

Sadly though, the results also suggest that most chronic pain conditions are never really cured or get better, even when treated at a specialized pain clinic.

My hope is that we will continue to find treatments and therapies that meaningfully improve chronic pain. After all, in an ideal world, chronic pain would not remain stable – it would go away.

THC and CBD Edibles More Effective at Pain Relief Than CBD Alone

By Pat Anson

Yet another study has found that cannabis products containing both THC and CBD are more effective in treating chronic pain than products made with CBD alone.  

Researchers at the University of Colorado Boulder enrolled 243 people with chronic low back pain to evaluate the pain relieving effects of marijuana edibles over a 14-day period. Participants visited a dispensary of their choice and selected a THC-dominant edible, a CBD-dominant edible, or an edible that contained both CBD and THC.

Of the 243 participants, 97 selected CBD-dominant products, 112 chose THC/CBD products, and only 36 selected a THC-dominant product. They were told to take the edibles as often as they wanted for two weeks.

The study findings, published in the journal Biomedicines, show that pain levels were modestly lower for participants who selected THC-dominant products or edibles containing both THC and CBD. No comparable reduction was reported among those using CBD-dominant products.

After 14 days, the most significant reduction in pain intensity was -14.4% for those who took THC/CBD edibles, followed by THC-dominant edibles (-7.9%), and CBD-dominant edibles (-1.9%).

Because there was no uniformity in the frequency or doses of THC and CBD that participants took, researchers say their findings should be viewed with caution. 

But overall, there was a greater benefit from using products with both THC and CBD, suggesting there is a synergistic effect between the two substances in reducing inflammation, one of the primary causes of chronic pain.

“These findings indicate a complex interrelationship between THC and CBD, with THC-associated reductions in daily pain intensity attenuated by increasing doses of CBD, and products containing both THC and CBD associated with longitudinal reductions in pain intensity,” researchers said. 

“Statistically, the use of CBD-dominant products was not associated with any reductions in pain intensity at the daily or longitudinal levels, and these associations did not change regardless of how often participants used their products.” 

THC (tetrahydrocannabinol) is the psychoactive ingredient in cannabis, while CBD (cannabidiol) is a non-psychoactive compound believed to have health benefits. About 3 times as many participants in the study chose CBD-dominant edibles over THC-dominant ones, suggesting they wanted to avoid sensations of getting “high.”

“Many individuals see CBD as an attractive alternative therapy for mitigating chronic pain compared to THC. This may be the result of CBD not producing the intoxicating effects that are associated with THC. Yet, the use of CBD-dominant products and increasing doses of CBD were not associated with reductions in pain intensity in the present study,” researchers concluded.   

Previous studies of cannabis products have shown that the pain-relieving benefits of CBD alone are minimal, at best. 

A recent review of studies found that cannabis products with relatively high levels of THC provide small improvements in chronic pain, while those with high levels of CBD have minimal or no effect on pain.         

In a 2019 study of self-reported data from over 3,300 cannabis users, researchers said THC was more effective than CBD alone in treating chronic pain, insomnia and other medical conditions. Cannabis products containing higher doses of THC provided the most relief.

Another small study conducted in Israel found that microdosing small amounts of THC significantly reduced pain levels in patients suffering from neuropathy.

Researchers Find Genetic Variants That Increase Risk of Fibromyalgia

By Pat Anson

The origins and causes of fibromyalgia have long baffled patients, doctors and researchers. Over the years, fibromylagia has been blamed on everything from gut bacteria and childhood trauma to a brain disorder and weakened immune system.

Through it all, fibromyalgia remains a poorly understood disorder characterized by deep tissue pain, headaches, fatigue, anxiety, depression and insomnia. Nearly 3% of the world’s population has fibromyalgia, with females making up 75% of cases 

An international team of researchers has now identified over two dozen genetic variants that play a role in the development of fibromyalgia. Their findings, published in Nature Medicine, suggest the nervous system plays an important causal role.

The team analyzed genetic data from more than 2.5 million adults around the world, including 55,000 who had been diagnosed with fibromyalgia. Researchers looked for genetic differences in people with and without fibromyalgia to find the genes that were most common in those with the condition.

This helped them identify genetic variants in 26 regions of the DNA genome that appear to play a role in fibromyalgia’s development. Many of the genes implicated in these regions are involved in brain and nerve function, and are associated with fibromyalgia’s physical and psychiatric traits.

"This work changes how we think about fibromyalgia at a fundamental level. For decades, patients have been dismissed or told their pain is simply psychological. Our findings confirm the condition has a clear biological basis," said co-senior author Michael Wainberg, PhD, an investigator at the Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute and Assistant Professor of Psychiatry at the University of Toronto.

Of the 26 genetic variants identified, the one most strongly linked to fibromyalgia risk was within the gene HTT. Different mutations in the HTT gene cause Huntington's disease, a severe, progressive and fatal neurodegenerative disorder.

Further genetic analysis revealed moderate-to-strong positive associations between fibromyalgia and several psychiatric disorders, namely depression, suicidality, ADHD and PTSD. These correlations help explain the high comorbidity between fibromyalgia and these emotional states.

The study also revealed substantial genetic overlap between fibromyalgia and a range of painful conditions, including low back pain, migraine and irritable bowel syndrome. The researchers think shared biological mechanisms within the nervous system may make people susceptible to several of these conditions, explaining why they often appear together.

"We know that chronic pain syndromes cluster together in individuals and families and are genetically similar. Targeting the shared mechanisms underlying them could potentially benefit a whole cluster of disorders," said co-senior author Frances Williams, PhD, Professor of Genomic Epidemiology at King's College London.

"The findings also help us better understand why fibromyalgia so often occurs alongside conditions such as anxiety and depression, bringing us closer to understanding the condition as a whole."

Genetics alone do not determine whether someone develops fibromyalgia. Researchers suspect that even people who carry many of fibromyalgia’s genetic variants require other risk factors, such as arthritis, to trigger fibromyalgia.

"This study provides important new insights into why some people develop fibromyalgia syndrome and identifies biological pathways that could lead to new treatment approaches. One of these pathways is already the focus of drug trials for Huntington's disease, raising the possibility that existing pharmaceutical research could eventually benefit people with fibromyalgia,” said Williams.

Williams and her colleagues have founded the Chronic Pain Genomics Consortium to investigate other chronic pain syndromes, starting with pelvic pain. The consortium sees fibromyalgia as only the beginning of a broader exploration of the landscape of chronic pain conditions.

Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA): A Natural Treatment for Intractable Pain

By Dr. Forest Tennant and Ingrid Hollis 

Palmitoylethanolamide (PEA) is a naturally occurring biochemical produced by the body for pain and inflammation control. It is also available as an over-the-counter dietary supplement. 

This article is presented with our belief that essentially every person with intractable pain should try a PEA supplement in a therapeutic trial.  Several companies market PEA supplements and researchers have determined effective dosages. 

PEA is the only medicinal that simultaneously fights inflammation at the site of an injury, as well as neuroinflammation in the central nervous system (CNS).  It helps heal damaged glial cells that are responsible for intractable or constant pain. 

About two dozen double-blind clinical studies have shown that PEA is more than just a placebo. German researchers say PEA is an effective and well-tolerated treatment for hundreds of patients with chronic pain.    

Our experience is not as extensive, but we have found that about 80% of patients experience good results if PEA is used for four to six weeks, providing relief for both chronic and intractable pain.  In most patients, PEA progressively wears down baseline pain. 

Starting dosage is 600 to 1200 mg twice a day.  This dosage can be increased if needed.  

Some PEA products contain luteolin, a polyphenol found in many fruits, vegetables and herbs that has anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. This is excellent as luteolin boosts the effectiveness of PEA, and also helps prevent the reactivation of the Epstein-Barr virus. 

One can simply add PEA to their current pain relief program.  Opioids and other pain medications need not be stopped. 

No serious side effects have been reported from taking PEA. As a natural biochemical, it is quite safe to take.  

If you have chronic or intractable pain, try a 1-to-2-month therapeutic trial of PEA. You have much to gain and nothing to lose. 

Forest Tennant, MD, DrPH, is retired from clinical practice but continues his research on the treatment of intractable pain and arachnoiditis. Readers interested in learning more about his research should visit the Tennant Foundation’s website, Arachnoiditis Hope. You can subscribe to its bulletins here.

Ingrid Hollis is a person in pain, patient advocate, and advisor to the Tennant Foundation.

The Tennant Foundation gives financial support to Pain News Network and sponsors PNN’s Patient Resources section.