Nearly 60% of Americans Live with Pain

By Pat Anson, PNN Editor

Nearly 60 percent of U.S. adults have some type of short or long-term pain, according to a new CDC report that found the prevalence of pain steadily increases with age and is highest among adults aged 65 and older. Being female, white or poor also increased the likelihood of pain.

The CDC study is based on data from the 2019 National Health Interview Survey, in which participants were asked if they felt pain “some days,” “most days” or “every day” in the last 3 months.

Back pain (39%) was the most common site for pain, followed by pain in the hips, knees or feet (36.5%); hands, arms and shoulders (30.7%); and head pain (22.4%). About ten percent of those surveyed said they had abdominal or dental pain.

U.S. Adults With Pain in Last 3 Months

SOURCE: cdc

“Overall, nearly three in five adults (58.9%) experienced pain of any kind in the past 3 months in 2019,” researchers reported. “Location-specific pain, such as back, neck, arm, and hip pain is associated with short- and long-term health effects, ranging from minor discomfort to musculoskeletal impairment, diminished quality of life, and escalating health care costs.”

Household income appears to play a role in pain prevalence. Nearly 45% of people living in a household below the 2019 federal poverty level ($25,750 for a family of four) reported having back pain. For people with household income at least 200% higher, the rate of back pain was 37.6 percent. The association between pain and poverty was similar for people with pain in their upper and lower limbs.

The study findings are similar to the so-called “deaths of despair” first reported in 2015 by Princeton researchers Angus Deaton and Anne Case, who found that financial and emotional stress caused by unemployment and stagnant incomes may be behind the reduced life expectancy of middle-aged white Americans.

Between 1999 and 2013, the mortality rate for middle aged whites rose by 2 percent, coinciding with an increase in fatal overdoses. No other race or ethnic group saw such an increase in mortality. The rising death rate for whites was accompanied by more suicides and substance abuse, as well as increases in joint pain, neck pain, sciatica and disability.

One critic of the “deaths of despair” theory is Andrew Kolodny, MD, the founder of Physicians for Responsible Opioid Prescribing (PROP).  Kolodny in a recent webinar claimed that overdoses were driven by drug addiction, not socioeconomic factors.

“The deaths of despair framing, while provocative, is unlikely to explain the main sources of the fatal drug epidemic and that efforts to improve economic conditions in distressed locations, while desirable for other reasons, are not likely to yield significant reductions in drug mortality,” Kolodny said.

Kolodny and at least three other PROP board members have been well-paid expert witnesses in opioid litigation cases – lawsuits that depend on a public narrative that excess opioid prescribing led to the overdose crisis, not mental health problems or economic disparity. Maintaining that narrative is becoming harder, with opioid prescribing at 20-year lows and overdose deaths at record highs, fueled in part by economic and social issues exacerbated by the covid pandemic.

Overdose Crisis Linked to Poor Mental Health

By Pat Anson, PNN Editor

A comprehensive new study has found that stress and anxiety are key drivers in the U.S. overdose crisis, with poor mental health increasing the risk of dying from a drug overdose by as much as 39 percent.

"We saw a strong association with mental health and substance abuse disorders, particularly opiates," says co-author Diego Cuadros, PhD, an epidemiologist who directs the University of Cincinnati’s Health Geography and Disease Modeling Laboratory. "What's happening now is we're more than a year into a pandemic. Mental health has deteriorated for the entire population, which means we'll see a surge in opiate overdoses."

Cuadros and his colleagues looked at overdose deaths and socioeconomic data in the U.S. from 2005 to 2017, and identified 25 “hot spots” or sub-epidemics where there was a sizeable increase in drug deaths. In the Southwest, sub-epidemics were driven by methamphetamine and heroin, while overdoses in the Northeast and Midwest were first fueled by heroin, then prescription opioids, and now synthetic opioids such as illicit fentanyl.

U.S. Overdose “Hot Spots”

PLOS ONE

While different substances were often involved in sub-epidemics, researchers say the one thing they all had in common was high levels of physical and mental distress.

"This is a complex epidemic. For HIV we have one virus or agent. Same with malaria. Same with COVID-19. It's a virus," Cuadros said. "But with opioids, we have several agents. At the beginning of the epidemic it was heroin. By 2010 it switched to prescription opiates."

Deaths of Despair

The study, published in PLOS ONE, builds on the so-called “deaths of despair” theory that was first described in 2015 by Princeton researchers Anne Case and Angus Deaton, who found that the reduced life expectancy of middle-aged white Americans was linked to substance abuse, unemployment, limited education, divorce, depression and loss of social connections.

The new study found that young white males aged 25 to 29 were most at risk of a fatal opioid overdose, followed by white males aged 30 to 34. In recent years, they were joined by black males aged 30 to 34 who also have an elevated risk of dying from an overdose. Those age groups do not fit the typical profile of a pain patient on prescription opioids, who is usually older and has an age-related disability such as arthritis.

“For the past 20 years, seniors over age 62 have had the highest rates of doctor-prescribed opioid pain relievers, while sustaining the lowest and mostly stable rates of opioid overdose related mortality. During the same period, overdose mortality more than tripled among adults age 25 to 34, who receive far fewer prescriptions than seniors,” says Richard “Red” Lawhern, PhD, a patient advocate who has long argued that the demographics of the overdose crisis prove it is not being driven by opioid medication. 

“Drug abuse and addiction are instead driven by complex socio-economic factors that some investigators have called ‘a crisis of hopelessness.’ Structural unemployment and poverty have rendered some populations more vulnerable to drug abuse than others,” said Lawhern.

“Hot spots of high mortality occur primarily in rural counties of the Rust Belt, deep South and West, with a sprinkling in inner cities also paralyzed by poverty. Communities are being hollowed out and families are failing due to a national failure to invest to replace infrastructure and mining jobs formerly held by high school educated men.”   

A notable holdout in the “deaths of despair” theory is Andrew Kolodny, MD, an addiction treatment specialist and longtime critic of opioid prescribing who is the founder of the newly renamed Health Professionals for Responsible Opioid Prescribing (PROP).

“The vast majority of drug overdose deaths are occurring in people with the disease of opioid addiction, not necessarily people who are drinking or using drugs driven by socioeconomic factors,” said Kolodny in a recent webinar. “The deaths of despair framing, while provocative, is unlikely to explain the main sources of the fatal drug epidemic and that efforts to improve economic conditions in distressed locations, while desirable for other reasons, are not likely to yield significant reductions in drug mortality.”

Kolodny is not an economist, epidemiologist or pain management specialist. He is a well-paid expert witness in opioid litigation cases – lawsuits that depend on a public narrative that excess opioid prescribing, not mental health problems, led to the addiction and overdose crisis. Maintaining that narrative is becoming harder, with opioid prescribing in the U.S. at 20-year lows and overdose deaths at record highs, fueled in part by economic and social issues exacerbated by the pandemic.

In other comments during the webinar, Kolodny said the CDC’s 2016 opioid guideline was “a bit wishy washy” because it only said that opioids were not the preferred treatment for chronic pain. Kolodny said a Department of Veterans Affairs and Department of Defense guideline that came out a year later was “a lot better” because it advised doctors not to begin long-term opioid therapy on any new patients.    

Instead of opioids, the DOD guideline recommends exercise, yoga and cognitive behavioral therapy to treat chronic pain, along with non-opioid drugs such as gabapentin.

American Mystery: Why Do Middle-Aged Adults Have More Pain?

By Pat Anson, PNN Editor

A provocative new study is warning that middle-aged Americans are experiencing more acute and chronic pain than the elderly, a dramatic shift in pain demographics that is putting further strain on the U.S. healthcare system.

Researchers at Princeton University and the University of Southern California (USC) analyzed survey responses from more than 2.5 million people in the U.S. and European Union. They found a unique pattern in the United States: Physical pain is rising in working class and less-educated Americans under the age of 60.

The findings run counter to long held assumptions that the elderly are more likely to feel pain due to arthritis and other chronic illnesses associated with old age.

“This is the mystery of American pain. Using multiple datasets and definitions of pain, we show today’s midlife Americans have had more pain throughout adulthood than did today’s elderly,” researchers reported in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (PNAS). “If these patterns continue, pain prevalence will continue to increase for adults; importantly, tomorrow’s elderly will be sicker than today’s elderly, with potentially serious implications for healthcare.”

Researchers Anne Case, PhD, and Sir Angus Deaton of Princeton University and Arthur Stone, PhD, a psychology professor at USC, have studied morbidity and mortality rates around the world. It was the husband-and-wife team of Case and Deaton who first reported on the so-called “deaths of despair” in 2015, an unusual spike in deaths of nearly half a million middle-aged, mostly white Americans.

To build on that groundbreaking research, Case, Deaton and Stone looked at different generations born between 1930-90. They found that men and women of all races usually reported more pain as they aged. But that finding did not hold true for less educated Americans who do not have a college bachelor’s degree – about two-thirds of the adult U.S. population.

"Our expectation was that pain would increase as one's age increases, due to physical deterioration and higher probability of chronic illnesses," said Stone. "But our research found middle-aged Americans had higher levels of pain than the elderly, which is especially pronounced for people without a college degree, and the question was, why?"

Researchers say their findings have major policy implications. As less educated, middle-aged Americans become elderly, they are likely to experience more pain, adding further strain on pain management practices and the healthcare system in general.

Many patients already feel their pain care is inadequate, due to lack of access to opioid pain medication and alternative treatments that are either ineffective or not covered by insurance.

“Pain is getting worse for less-educated Americans. This not only makes their lives worse, but will pose long-term problems for a dysfunctional healthcare system that is not good at treating pain.”

— Sir Angus Deaton, Princeton University

Researchers believe the rise in pain in the working class was caused by the deterioration of their social and economic conditions. Less-educated Americans born after 1950 are more likely to experience social isolation, more fragile home lives, less marriage and more divorce, as well as stagnant wages and job loss. This “epidemic of despair” has barely touched more-educated Americans.

Another explanation for the increase in pain is that people could be more likely to report minor pain than in the past. The growing number of Americans who are obese could also be contributing to the problem, because more weight increases the risk of health problems like arthritis, diabetes and cardiovascular disease.

Whatever the cause, researchers say their findings should signal to policymakers that less-educated Americans are experiencing more distress, and that tomorrow's elderly will feel more pain than today's elderly.

"Pain undermines quality of life, and pain is getting worse for less-educated Americans," Deaton said. "This not only makes their lives worse, but will pose long-term problems for a dysfunctional healthcare system that is not good at treating pain."