Acetaminophen Ineffective for Back Pain

By Pat Anson, Editor

The world’s most widely used over-the-counter pain reliever is ineffective in treating low back pain and provides little benefit to people with osteoarthritis, according to a new study published in the British Medical Journal.

In a systematic review of a dozen research reports (a study of studies), Australian researchers also questioned many of the conventional treatments for back pain and other musculoskeletal conditions.

Acetaminophen -- also known as paracetamol – is the active ingredient in Tylenol, Excedrin, and hundreds of other pain medications. It is often recommended by doctors worldwide for back pain and osteoarthritis.

"Clinicians should carefully weigh benefits and harms when making treatment decisions. Paracetamol is not efficacious and potentially harmful. In this context we cannot justify its continued use for these prevalent diseases,” said Professor David Hunter of the University of Sydney.

The researchers found “high quality” evidence showing that patients taking acetaminophen are at greater risk of liver toxicity and nearly four times more likely to have abnormal results from liver function tests.

"World-wide, paracetamol is the most widely used over-the counter medicine for musculoskeletal conditions so it is important to reconsider treatment recommendations given this new evidence," said lead author, Gustavo Machado of The George Institute and the University of Sydney.

Low back pain is the leading cause of disability worldwide, and osteoarthritis of the hip or knee is the 11th highest contributor to global disability.

"This latest research, the most comprehensive systematic review of its kind, reaffirms this with an even larger, global patient base, and has for the first time also established that the effects of paracetamol for knee and hip osteoarthritis are too small to be of clinical importance." said senior author Manuela Ferreira of the George Institute for Global Health and the University of Sydney.

"We urgently need to take stock of the evidence for common musculoskeletal conditions, a largely under-recognized health priority, and make sure people are receiving appropriate care."

Treatments known to be effective for low back pain include counseling, physical therapy, exercise and psychological therapies such as cognitive behavioral therapy.

Aerobic exercise, strengthening exercise, weight management and anti-inflammatory medicines have been shown to provide benefit for patients with lower limb osteoarthritis.

A recent study published in The Lancet found that acetaminophen had no effect on pain, disability, function, sleep quality, or quality of life for people with low back pain.

Over 50 million people in the U.S. use acetaminophen each week to treat pain and fever. The pain reliever has long been associated with liver injury and allergic reactions such as skin rash. In the U.S. over 50,000 emergency room visits each year are caused by acetaminophen, including 25,000 hospitalizations and 450 deaths.

Knee Osteoarthritis Raises Risk of Early Death

By Pat Anson, Editor

Osteoarthritis is painful no matter where it occurs – in the hip, fingers, elbow or other joints. But osteoarthritis of the knee seems to be particularly troublesome for middle-aged women. 

British researchers say knee osteoarthritis significantly raises the risk of cardiovascular disease and can even lead to early death.

In a study of early mortality in middle-aged women with osteoarthritis, researchers looked at data collected by the Chingford Study, which followed the health over 1,000 British middle-aged women for over two decades.

They found that osteoarthritis of the knee was strongly associated with early overall death and cardiovascular mortality. Women with knee pain and radiographic osteoarthritis had almost two times greater risk of early death and over three-times increased risk of dying from a cardiovascular event, when compared with women without knee pain or osteoarthritis. 

No link was found between hand osteoarthritis and a higher risk of mortality. 

“These findings suggest that any self-reported knee pain in osteoarthritis, as opposed to hand pain, seems to be a crucial factor leading to early cardiovascular mortality and is likely to be linked with decreased mobility. Radiographic osteoarthritis without pain is not affecting long-term mortality. More research is needed to understand how people adapt to knee pain, and how this leads to cardiovascular impairment,” said lead author Stefan Kluzek, PhD, of the Arthritis Research UK Centre of Excellence for Sport, Exercise and Osteoarthritis at the University of Oxford.

Researchers did not examine the reasons for the higher death rate, but an earlier look at data from the Chingford study found that women with knee OA were more likely to have hypertension, raised blood glucose, and moderately raised serum cholesterol.

Osteoarthritis is a joint disorder that leads to thinning of cartilage and progressive joint damage. Knee osteoarthritis is quite common and affects over 250 million people worldwide. Nearly 40 percent of Americans over the age of 45 have some degree of knee OA, and those numbers are expected to grow as the population ages.

Racial Disparities Found in Joint Replacement Surgery

By Pat Anson, Editor

Black, Hispanic and Medicaid patients are significantly more likely to be readmitted to the hospital after total joint replacement (TJR) surgery, while women are less likely to suffer complications, according to new studies presented at the annual meeting of the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons in Las Vegas.

In one study, researchers analyzed race and ethnic data on nearly 53,000 patients admitted to Connecticut hospitals for TJR from 2008 to 2012. The average patient was 67 years of age, white, female and covered by Medicare.

Patients who were African-American were 62% more likely to be readmitted to the hospital within 30 days of TJR. Hispanic patients were 50% more likely and Medicaid patients were 40% more likely to be readmitted than patients with private insurance.

"Our study shows that black patients who undergo total knee replacement may have poorer outcomes," said lead study author and orthopedic surgeon Courtland Lewis, MD. "After controlling for two key variables implicated in race and ethnic disparities in hospital readmission -- preoperative comorbidities and type of insurance coverage -- black patients still have a 35 percent higher likelihood of all-cause, 30-day readmission compared to white patients.”

Lewis said the disparity with white patients may be due to black patients having less access to primary care and less communication with health care providers.

Racial disparities in health care have long been documented, including that black patients utilize hip and total knee replacement at rates nearly 40 percent less than white patients, despite having higher rates of osteoarthritis—a leading cause of joint deterioration. Total hip and knee replacements are common surgical treatments for late-stage arthritis.

The overall 30-day readmission rate for patients in the study was about 5 percent. The most common reasons for readmission were postoperative infection, inflammatory reaction due to a joint prosthesis, hematoma complications, and dislocation of a prosthetic joint.

A second study looked at nearly 60,000 knee and hip replacements at a hospital in Ontario, Canada. Researchers found that men were 15% likely than women to return to the emergency department within 30 days of TJR surgery – even though women who had the surgery were older and more likely to be frail. Over half the patients in the study were women.

The findings contradict the theory that TJR is underutilized in female patients because they have worse outcomes then men.

"Despite the fact that women have a higher prevalence of advanced hip and knee arthritis, prior research indicates that North American women with arthritis are less likely to receive joint replacement than men," said lead study author Bheeshma Ravi, MD, an orthopaedic surgery resident at the University of Toronto. "One possible explanation is that women are less often offered or accept surgery because their risk of serious complications following surgery is greater than that of men.

"In this study, we found that while overall rates of serious complications were low for both groups, they were lower for women than for men for both hip and knee replacement, particularly the latter" said Dr. Ravi. "Thus, the previously documented sex difference utilization of TJR cannot be explained by differential risks of complications following surgery." 

Men in the study were found to be up 70 percent more likely to have a heart attack within three months of TJR surgery and 70 percent more likely to have an infection or require revision surgery within two years of a total knee replacement.

Accepting Chronic Pain: Is it Necessary?

By Jennifer Martin, Columnist

A patient of mine told me the other day, “I don’t think I will ever be able to accept my chronic pain. It has completely changed my life.” 

I think this is something that most people with chronic pain contend with at some point in time; wanting to hold onto hope that their diagnosis isn’t chronic or not wanting to come to the realization that they will have to live with the pain forever.

When most people hear the word “acceptance” they equate it with the notion that they should feel that it’s okay or it’s alright to have a chronic condition.  Many people don’t ever feel okay about having to live with pain or an illness for the rest of their lives. It is not something that is easy to get used to and it’s not fair.

• Accepting chronic pain does not mean giving into it and it doesn’t mean that you stop looking for treatment.
• Accepting chronic pain does not mean accepting a lifetime of suffering.
• Accepting chronic pain does not mean you are never allowed to feel angry or sad.
• Accepting chronic pain does not mean that you have to give up hope for the future.

When I use the word “acceptance,” I mean accepting the reality of your situation and recognizing that this new reality could be permanent. Those of us with chronic conditions may never like this reality and it may never be okay, but eventually it is necessary to accept it and learn to live life with it. It is the new norm with which we must learn to live.

Acceptance also involves making adaptations and alterations to our lives.  We must find new things that bring us joy and we must have hope for the future.

• Accepting chronic pain means learning to live again.
• Accepting chronic pain means advocating for ourselves and our health so that we can be as healthy as possible.
• Accepting chronic pain means learning our limits and learning to cope with feelings of guilt when we have to say “no.”
• Accepting chronic pain means being able to look at your diagnosis as something you have, not who you are.  Your condition does not define you.
• Accepting chronic pain means re-evaluating your role as a husband/wife, mother/father, etc. as well as your life’s goals -- and figuring out how you can maintain these roles and attain your goals with your chronic condition.

For many of us, learning to accept our chronic condition isn’t easy.  It is a learning process with a lot of ups and downs.  It is something we may resist and something we may think impossible.  It is difficult to accept something that has completely changed our lives and possibly the direction we thought our life was going to take.

Why is it necessary to accept your chronic condition?

Once you are diagnosed with a chronic condition, it will be always be with you.  The sooner you are able to begin the process of acceptance, the sooner you will be able to learn exactly how to live with it.  It is also how you will learn to cope.

Accepting chronic pain means learning to live life in a different way than before your diagnosis.  It means learning to pace your activities, educating yourself, taking your medications, advocating for yourself, and surrounding yourself with support.  It also means accepting that some aspects of your condition are out of your control. 

Chronic pain can be unpredictable.  There may be days when you feel in control of your pain and you are able to accomplish everything you would like to.  There may also be days when your pain is unbearable, you feel angry about your situation, and all you can do is rest.  Accepting your chronic pain means adjusting and adapting to the ways in which your life is different now that you may be living with this kind of unpredictability.

Your life may never go back to what it was prior to your chronic pain.  But that doesn’t mean you can’t live a happy, successful, hopeful life with pain.  Learning to accept your chronic pain can help you get there.

Jennifer Martin, PsyD, is a licensed psychologist in Newport Beach, California who suffers from rheumatoid arthritis and ulcerative colitis. In her blog “Your Color Looks Good” Jennifer writes about the psychological aspects of dealing with chronic pain and illness. 

Jennifer is a professional member of the Crohn’s and Colitis Foundation of America and has a Facebook page dedicated to providing support and information to people with Crohn’s, Colitis and Digestive Diseases, as well as other types of chronic pain.

The information in this column should not be considered as professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. It is for informational purposes only and represents the author’s opinions alone. It does not inherently express or reflect the views, opinions and/or positions of Pain News Network.

Blood Test Could Detect Early Osteoarthritis

By Pat Anson, Editor

British researchers are close to developing a blood test that would detect osteoarthritis in its early stages, a development that could lead to diagnosis and treatment of the disease years before joint damage occurs.

Osteoarthritis is a progressive joint disorder caused by painful inflammation of soft tissue, which leads to thinning of cartilage and joint damage in the knees, hips, fingers and spine. The World Health Organization estimates that about 10% of men and 18% of women over age 60 have osteoarthritis.

Researchers at the University of Warwick’s Medical School have identified a biomarker linked to both rheumatoid and osteoarthritis. Diagnostic blood tests already exist for rheumatoid arthritis (RA), but the newly identified biomarker could lead to one which can diagnose both RA and osteoarthritis (OA).

“This is a remarkable and unexpected finding. It could help bring early-stage and appropriate treatment for arthritis which gives the best chance of effective treatment,” said lead researcher  Naila Rabbani, PhD.

“This discovery raises the potential of a blood test that can help diagnose both RA and OA several years before the onset of physical symptoms."

Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic autoimmune disease in which the body’s own defenses attack joint tissues, causing swelling, inflammation and bone erosion. About 1% of adults worldwide suffer from RA.

Rabbani’s research focused on citrullinated proteins (CPs), a biomarker suspected to be present in the blood of people with early stage rheumatoid arthritis. It had previously been established that patients with RA have antibodies to CPs, but it was not thought that this was the same for those with OA.

However, the Warwick researchers found for the first time increased CPs levels in both early-stage OA and RA.

They then produced an algorithm of three biomarkers; CPs, anti-CP antibodies, and a bone-derived substance called hydroxyproline.

Using the algorithm the researchers found that with a single test they could potentially detect and discriminate between the two types of arthritis in their early stages, before joint damage has occurred. The test correctly identified 73% of the people with eary OA and 57% of the people with early RA.

“It has been long established that the autoimmunity of early-stage RA leads to antibodies to CPs, but the autoimmunity, and hence antibodies, are absent in early-stage OA. Using this knowledge and applying the algorithm of biomarkers we developed provides the basis to discriminate between these two major types of arthritis at an early stage,” said Rabbani.

“Detection of early stage-OA made the study very promising and we would have been satisfied with this only – but beyond this we also found we could detect and discriminate early-stage RA and other inflammatory joint diseases at the same.

The research is published online in Nature Scientific Reports.

Finding Meaning in Chronic Illness

By Jennifer Martin, Columnist

I have never known life without chronic illness and pain.  I was diagnosed with juvenile rheumatoid arthritis (JRA) when I was 18 months old, so the life of a healthy person is foreign to me.  I don’t remember much about my early childhood with JRA other than daily medications, physical therapy and endless doctor’s appointments. 

When I was 6, my arthritis went into remission.  I took full advantage of that and began taking gymnastics, played street hockey with the neighborhood kids, and later joined the swim team.  Life was good. 

jennifer martin

Then one cold, rainy day before swim practice, I noticed that my knee was aching.  I shrugged it off and went to practice.  Later that night, the pain had increased and my knee was swollen.  I just knew my arthritis was back.  I was 15 years old at the time. 

A visit to the rheumatologist confirmed my fear.  Just like that I was back on multiple medications, forced to give up gymnastics and swimming, and was living again with daily pain. 

I was trying to find a balance between normal teenage life and dealing with chronic pain that none of my friends or family could relate to.  None of my friends had to give up activities they loved.  None of my friends had to have their knee drained when medication wasn’t keeping the swelling down.  None of my friends had to deal with taking pills for breakfast, lunch and dinner. 

So why did I have to do all these things? 

I remember one day when I was a senior in high school, I was in so much pain that I just sat home on the couch in tears all day instead of going to school.  It wasn’t too long after that that I had my first knee surgery due to my arthritis.

Fast forward several years to one day when I was 25 years old.  It is a day I will never forget.  I was at my mom’s house when I began feeling a little bloated.  I used the bathroom and when I looked down I saw bright red blood in the toilet.  My heart began pounding, my breath quickened and my hands began to shake. 

“What the heck is going on with me?” I remember thinking.  I took a few moments to calm myself down and then I convinced myself it must be nothing.  I went back downstairs and joined in the conversation without telling my family what happened. 

Several days later however, my symptoms had worsened and there was still blood in the toilet.  I knew I had no choice but to tell my family.  That began months of doctor’s appointments and tests that no human should have to be subjected to.  When I was finally diagnosed with ulcerative colitis, I was relieved to have a name for what was going on and at the same time frustrated that this meant another chronic diagnosis, more medication and more uncertainty.

The next two years were a roller coaster.  I had flares, felt horrible, and then went into remission. 

February 2009 began the biggest challenge of my life.  It was six months after I got married.  I began having a flare and quickly knew that this flare was different than any I had experienced before.  The pain was more intense, the medications weren’t working, and I was quickly losing weight from my already thin 108 pound frame.  By April, I was admitted to the hospital 30 pounds lighter and experiencing constant, excruciating pain so intense that I literally could not stand up straight. 

Every time I was forced by my family to eat and any time I used the bathroom it felt like a thousand knifes slicing through my intestines.  I remember many nights in the bathroom covering my mouth to suppress screams because I didn’t want to worry my husband. 

The day after my hospital admission, I had a colonoscopy.  While coming out of anesthesia I heard my gastroenterologist say to one of her colleagues, “This is the worst case of ulcerative colitis I have ever seen.”

The next day, I was transferred to UC Irvine Medical Center where I was to have three surgeries.  Surgery one consisted of removing my colon and constructing an ileostomy.  Surgery two involved constructing an internal j-pouch which essentially acts as a pseudo colon.  Surgery three involved removing my ileostomy and connecting my j-pouch.  After my third surgery I experienced complications, due to the amount of weight I had lost and scar tissue which required further hospitalization.

While my third surgery was supposed to be my last, that was not the case.  Since then I have had three more surgeries due to my j-pouch twisting.  The last surgery was as recent as 11 months ago.  I’m hoping that was my last.

In the midst of all this craziness I managed to complete my doctoral degree in psychology and I now specialize in counseling individuals with chronic pain and chronic illness.  It has become my passion. 

Because of my own experiences, I understand the emotional issues that arise from living with chronic pain and chronic illness.  I understand the depression, the anxiety, and the feeling of being so sick and in so much pain that maybe it would be easier to end it. 

But I also understand how important it is to work through those feelings, to find meaning in your situation, and to find a way to live life despite your diagnosis.  That is what I try to instill in my patients.

I have also beaten the odds and had a son.  I was told that due to my surgeries I would only have a 20% chance of conceiving on my own.  I look at my son every day and know that he is my miracle.  I hope and pray that he will never know the pain of chronic illness and chronic pain, but if he does, I will be there for him and I will understand.

Jennifer Martin, PsyD, is a licensed psychologist in Newport Beach, California. In her blog “Your Color Looks Good” Jennifer writes about the psychological aspects of dealing with chronic pain and illness. 

Jennifer is a professional member of the Crohn’s and Colitis Foundation of America and has a Facebook page dedicated to providing support and information to people with Crohn’s, Colitis and Digestive Diseases.

The information in this column should not be considered as professional medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. It is for informational purposes only and represents the author’s opinions alone. It does not inherently express or reflect the views, opinions and/or positions of Pain News Network.