Do Pain Patients Really Get High on Rx Opioids?
By Roger Chriss, PNN Columnist
The standard narrative of the opioid crisis is built on the idea that people feel euphoria or get “high” when exposed to opioids and almost immediately become addicted. Some assert that opioid medications should have no role outside of trauma, surgical, palliative and end-of-life care due to their high risk and side effects.
But reality is more complex.
Euphoria is widely believed to be inevitable with opioids, and increases the risk for misuse and addiction. But in fact, euphoria is not common.
"I think that the notion that opioids [always] cause pleasure is a myth," Siri Leknes, principal investigator at the University of Oslo in Norway, told Live Science. "I think it's especially important to point out that opioids do not reliably cause pleasure or relief of subjective stress and anxiety in the lab or in stressful clinical settings."
Leknes’ research found that patients receiving remifentanil – a potent, short-acting synthetic opioid -- felt high, but the experience was unpleasant.
"Not everyone experiences the same level of euphoria from opioids, and not everyone that uses opioids will develop an addiction or opioid use disorder,” says Brian Kiluk of Yale School of Medicine.
Major cognitive side effects are often thought to be inevitable with opioids. But a review of 10 clinical studies on older adults with chronic pain found that most “demonstrated no effect of opioid use on cognitive domains.” Only at high daily doses did opioids worsen memory, language and other cognitive skills.
In other words, long-term opioid therapy may cause side effects at doses well above what most people ever receive and beyond thresholds recommended by the CDC and state governments.
The risks of overdose are similarly nuanced. For instance, a study on opioids and mortality looked at a nationally representative sample of over 90,000 people, among whom 14% reported at least one opioid prescription. There were 774 deaths during the study period, with the death rate slightly higher among those taking opioid prescriptions.
However, after adjusting for demographics, health status and utilization, the authors concluded there was “no significant association” between opioids and sudden death. “The relationship between prescription opioid use and mortality risk is more complex than previously reported, meriting further examination," they said.
On the efficacy of opioid therapy, a major review in Germany looked at 15 studies with 3,590 patients with low back, osteoarthritis and neuropathic pain. The quality of evidence was low, but the authors concluded long-term opioid use was appropriate for patients who experience “meaningful pain reduction with at least tolerable adverse events."
Pain Patients Used As ‘Guinea Pigs’
Instead, we have an intense focus on prescribing statistics. States like Minnesota tout a 33% decrease in opioid prescribing for Medicare patients, while ignoring how those poor and disabled people are faring.
“My cat gets better pain management than I do after surgery,” one man wrote to state health officials.
In Ohio, opioid prescriptions have declined by 41% since 2012. Some wonder if the cutbacks went too far.
“There needed to be an adjustment and maybe it did go overboard a bit. I feel bad for the people in chronic pain because they're going to be the guinea pigs for how we get it back to the middle," Ernest Boyd, executive director of the Ohio Pharmacists Association, told the Akron Beacon Journal
So the medical needs of people with cancer, sickle cell disease and other chronic painful conditions are going unmet. And some doctors are even avoiding such patients entirely.
Naturally, there is a need to safeguard the entire opioid supply chain, and to carefully screen and monitor people on any form of opioid therapy. But we also need to track the rapidly evolving policy landscape surrounding prescription opioids to make sure that pain patients with chronic medical needs are being not harmed.
Roger Chriss lives with Ehlers Danlos syndrome and is a proud member of the Ehlers-Danlos Society. Roger is a technical consultant in Washington state, where he specializes in mathematics and research.